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A Previous Installation Of An E1 Client Exists Define CultureCisco IOS Dial Technologies Configuration Guide, Release 1. Configuring ISDN PRI [Cisco IOS Software Releases 1. Mainline] Configuring ISDN PRI This chapter describes how to configure channelized E1 and channelized T1 for ISDN PRI and for two types of signaling to support analog calls over digital lines. This information is included in the following sections: •Signaling Overview •How to Configure ISDN PRI •Monitoring and Maintaining ISDN PRI Interfaces •How to Configure Robbed- Bit Signaling for Analog Calls over T1 Lines •How to Configure CAS •How to Configure Switched 5. ![]() A Previous Installation Of An E1 Client Exists Define EthicsK Digital Dial- In over Channelized T1 and Robbed- Bit Signaling •How to Configure Switched 5. K Services •How to Configure E1 R2 Signaling •Enabling R1 Modified Signaling in Taiwan •Configuration Examples for Channelized E1 and Channelized T1 In addition, this chapter describes how to run interface loopback diagnostics on channelized E1 and channelized T1 lines. For more information, see the "How to Configure Switched 5. K Digital Dial- In over Channelized T1 and Robbed- Bit Signaling" section later in this chapter, and the Cisco IOS Interface Configuration Guide, Release 1. For hardware technical descriptions and for information about installing the controllers and interfaces, refer to the hardware installation and maintenance publication for your particular product. To identify the hardware platform or software image information associated with a feature, use the Feature Navigator on Cisco.
In addition, this chapter describes how to run interface loopback diagnostics on channelized E1 and channelized T1 lines. For more information, see the "How to. View and Download RAD Data Communications FCD-IP installation and operation manual online. E1/T1 or Fractional E1/T1 Access Unit with Integrated Router. FCD-IP. For more information, see the "Identifying Supported Platforms" section in the "Using Cisco IOS Software" chapter. For a complete description of the channelized E1/T1 commands in this chapter, refer to the Cisco IOS Dial Technologies Command Reference, Release 1. To locate documentation of other commands that appear in this chapter, use the command reference master index or search online. Signaling Overview Channelized T1 and channelized E1 can be configured for ISDN PRI, synchronous serial, and asynchronous serial communications. Channelized T1 and channelized E1 are supported by corresponding controllers. Each T1 or E1 controller has one physical network termination, but it can have many virtual interfaces, depending on the configuration. In- Band and Out- of- Band Signaling The terms in- band and out- of- band indicate whether various signals—which are used to set up, control, and terminate calls—travel in the same channel (or band) with voice calls or data made by the user, or whether those signals travel in a separate channel (or band). ISDN, which uses the D channel for signaling and the B channels for user data, fits into the out- of- band signaling category. Robbed- bit signaling, which uses bits from specified frames in the user data channel for signaling, fits into the in- band signaling category. Channel- associated signaling (CAS), which uses E1 time slot 1. D channel) for signaling, fits into the out- of- band signaling category. Channelized E1 and T1 on Cisco Devices You can allocate the available channels for channelized E1 or T1 in the following ways: •All channels can be configured to support ISDN PRI. Channelized T1 ISDN PRI offers 2. B channels and 1 D channel. Channelized E1 ISDN PRI offers 3. B channels and 1 D channel. Channel 2. 4 is the D channel for T1, and channel 1. D channel for E1. If you are not running ISDN PRI, all channels can be configured to support robbed- bit signaling, which enables a Cisco modem to receive and send analog calls. All channels can be configured in a single channel group. For configuration information about this leased line or nondial use, see the "Configuring Serial Interfaces" chapter in the Cisco IOS Interface Configuration Guide. Mix and match channels supporting ISDN PRI and channel grouping. Mix and match channels supporting ISDN PRI, robbed- bit signaling, and channel grouping across the same T1 line. For example, on the same channelized T1 line you can configure the pri- group timeslots 1- 1. This is a rare configuration because it requires you to align the correct range of time slots on both ends of the connection. See the sections "PRI Groups and Channel Groups on the Same Channelized T1 Controller Example," "Robbed- Bit Signaling Examples," and the "ISDN CAS Examples" at the end of this chapter. How to Configure ISDN PRI This section describes tasks that are required to get ISDN PRI up and running. This section does not address routing issues, dialer configuration, and dial backup. For information about those topics, see the chapters in the "Dial- on- Demand Routing" part of this manual. To configure ISDN PRI, perform the tasks in the following sections: •Requesting PRI Line and Switch Configuration from a Telco Service Provider (Required) •Configuring Channelized E1 ISDN PRI (As required) •Configuring Channelized T1 ISDN PRI (As required) •Configuring the Serial Interface (Required) •Configuring NSF Call- by- Call Support (Primary- 4. ESS Only) •Configuring Multiple ISDN Switch Types (Optional) •Configuring B Channel Outgoing Call Order (Optional) •Performing Configuration Self- Tests (Optional) See the section "Monitoring and Maintaining ISDN PRI Interfaces" later in this chapter for tips on maintaining the ISDN PRI interface. See the end of this chapter for the "ISDN PRI Examples" section. Note After the ISDN PRI interface and lines are operational, configure the D- channel interface for dial- on- demand routing (DDR). The DDR configuration specifies the packets that can trigger outgoing calls, specifies whether to place or receive calls, and provides the protocol, address, and phone number to use. Requesting PRI Line and Switch Configuration from a Telco Service Provider Before configuring ISDN PRI on your Cisco router, you need to order a correctly provisioned ISDN PRI line from your telecommunications service provider. This process varies dramatically from provider to provider on a national and international basis. However, some general guidelines follow: •Verify if the outgoing B channel calls are made in ascending or descending order. Cisco IOS default is descending order however, if the switch from the service providers is configured for outgoing calls made in ascending order, the router can be configured to match the switch configuration of the service provider. Ask for delivery of calling line identification. Providers sometimes call this CLI or automatic number identification (ANI). If the router will be attached to an ISDN bus (to which other ISDN devices might be attached), ask for point- to- multipoint service (subaddressing is required) and a voice- and- data line. Table 2. 3 provides a sample of the T1 configuration attributes you might request for a PRI switch used in North America. Table 2. 3 North American PRI Switch Configuration Attributes. Attribute. Value. Line format Extended Superframe Format (ESF) Line coding Binary 8- zero substitution (B8. ZS) Call type 2. 3 incoming channels and 2. Speed 6. 4 kbps Call- by- call capability Enabled Channels 2. B + D Trunk selection sequence Either ascending order (from 1 to 2. B + D glare Yield Directory numbers Only 1 directory number assigned by service provider SPIDs required? None Configuring Channelized E1 ISDN PRI To configure ISDN PRI on a channelized E1 controller, use the following commands beginning in global configuration mode. Command. Purpose. Step 1 Router(config)# isdn switch- type switch- type Selects a service provider switch type that accommodates PRI. See Table 2. 4 for a list of supported switch type keywords.) Step 2 Router(config)# controller e. Router(config)# controllere. Defines the controller location in the Cisco 7. Cisco 7. 50. 0 series router by slot and port number. Defines the controller location in the Cisco 4. Cisco AS5. 20. 0 universal access server by unit number. Step 3 Router(config- controller)# framingcrc. Defines the framing characteristics as cyclic redundancy check 4 (CRC4). Step 4 Router(config- controller)# linecode hdb. Defines the line code as high- density bipolar 3 (HDB3). Step 5 Router(config- controller)# pri- group [timeslotsrange] Configures ISDN PRI. If you do not specify the time slots, the specified controller is configured for 3. B channels and 1 D channel. The B channel numbers range from 1 to 3. D channel for E1. Corresponding serial interfaces numbers range from 0 to 3. In commands, the D channel is interfaceserial controller- number: 1. For example, interface serial 0: 1. APCUPSD User Manual. Adam Kropelin. Kern Sibbald. Apcupsd is a UPS control system that permits orderly shutdown of your. May 3. 1, 2. 01. 6 1. This manual documents apcupsd version 3. Copyright © 2. 00. Adam Kropelin. Copyright © 1. Kern Sibbald. Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification. Apcupsd. the copyright notice, and this notice are preserved. Apcupsd source code is released under the GNU General Public License. Please see the file COPYING in the main source directory. For more information on the project, please visit the main web site. No person should rely on the contents of the APCUPSD Manual ("the manual"). APC Technical Support. The manual is provided on the terms and understanding that: the authors, contributors and editors are not responsible for the. The the authors, contributors and editors, expressly disclaim all and any. Without limiting the. This is the manual for apcupsd, a. UPSes (Uninterruptible Power. Supplies) made by American Power Conversion Corporation (APC). If you have an. APC- made UPS, whether sold under the APC nameplate or OEMed (for example, the HP. Power. Trust 2. 99. A), and you want you get it working with a computer running. Linux, Unix, or Windows, you are reading the right document. This manual is divided into parts which increase in technical depth. If you have just bought a state- of- the- art smart UPS. USB or Ethernet interface, and you are running a current. Red Hat or SUSE Linux, then apcupsd is. Basic. User's Guide. If your operating system is older, or if you have an old- fashioned. UPS, you'll have to read about serial installation (see. Installation: Serial- Line UPSes). If you need more. UPS setup) you'll need to read the sections on. Finally. there are a number of technical reference sections which. You should begin by reading the Quick Start (see Quick Start for. Beginners) instructions. On current hardware and software getting it. The following is a help guide to the steps needed to get apcupsd. Check to see if apcupsd supports your UPS and cable (see. Supported UPSes and Cables). Check to see if apcupsd supports your operating system (see. Supported Operating Systems). Plan your configuration type (see Choosing a Configuration. Type). If you have just one UPS and. If you have more than one machine being. UPS, or more than one UPS supplying power to. Figure out if you have one of the easy setups. If you have a USB. UPS, and a supported operating system and you want to use one UPS. APC supplies the cable. UPS along with the UPS. All you need to do. USB subsystem is working (see USB. Configuration); if so, you can go to the build. If you have a UPS designed to communicate via SNMP over. Ethernet, that is also a relatively easy installation. Details. are provided in Support for SNMP UPSes. If you have a UPS that communicates via an RS2. C serial. interface and it is a Smart. UPS, then things are relatively simple. If you have a vendor- supplied cable, find out what cable type. A, stamped in the plastic. If you don't have a vendor- supplied cable, or your type is not. Cables). Here is hoping you are good with a soldering. Now you are ready to read the Building and Installing (see. Building and Installing apcupsd). If you are. installing from an RPM or some other form of binary package, this. Tweak your /etc/apcupsd/apcupsd. Often it. will not be. Change the BIOS settings (see Arranging for Reboot on. Power- Up) on your computer. This is not the default. To verify that your UPS is communicating with your computer and. Testing (see Testing. Apcupsd) section. If you run into problems, check the apcupsd users' email list. This is an excellent resource with. See. http: //sourceforge. If you still need help, send a message to the apcupsd users' email. Read the manual section on Monitoring and Tuning your UPS. UNIX- like operating systems as well as several. Windows. Due to lack of API standardization, USB support is not. See Platform Support below for details. In general it is recommended to obtain a prebuilt package for your platform. Given how apcupsd must integrate into the shutdown mechanism of the. In. some cases, binary packages are provided by the apcupsd team (Red. Hat. Mandriva, Su. SE, Windows, Mac OS X). For other platforms it is recommended to. Note that some vendors continue to distribute. These packages should not be. LINUXWINDOWSWindows NT 4 [2][4]Windows 9. ME/2. 00. 0 [2][4]Windows XP/Vista (including 6. Windows Server 2. Windows 7 [2]OTHERSapcupsd supports nearly every APC brand UPS model in existence and enough. The UPSTYPE < keyword> field is the value you will put in. UPS. you have. We'll describe the possible values here, because they're. UPS's single most important interface. The 'apcsmart' protocol uses an RS2. APC calls this language "UPS- Link". Originally. introduced for Smart- UPS models (thus the name 'apcsmart'), this. UPS is in decline, rapidly being replaced in APC's product. USB and MODBUS UPSes. A USB UPS speaks a universal well defined control. USB wire. Most of APC's lineup now uses this method. The most recent APC UPSes support only a. USB interface. MODBUS (see below) is required. This is the keyword to specify if you are using your. UPS in Slave mode (i. UPS, but to another machine which is), and it is connected to. Master via an ethernet connection. You must have apcupsd's. Network Information Services NIS turned on for this mode to work. SNMP UPSes communicate via an Ethernet NIC and. Simple Network Management Protocol. A dumb or voltage- signaling UPS and its computer. RS2. 32. C. serial connection. Not much can actually be conveyed this way other than. Voltage- signaling UPSes are obsolete; you. If you. have a choice, we recommend you avoid simple signalling UPSes. PCNET is an alternative for SNMP available on APC's. AP9. 61. 7 family of smart slot modules. The protocol is much simpler. SNMP. modbus. MODBUS is the newest APC protocol and operates over RS2. USB. MODBUS is APC's replacement for the aging 'apcsmart' (aka UPS- Link). MODBUS is the only way to access detailed control and status. SMT series) UPSes. There are three major. The first is a standalone. UPS, which powers a. This is the most common configuration. If you're. working with just one machine and one UPS, skip the rest of this. Your choices become more interesting if you are running a small. Under those circumstances, it may not. UPS with every single. The second type of configuration is the NIS (Network Information. Server) server and client. In this configuration, where one UPS. UPS. Note that "NIS" is not related to Sun's directory service. NIS" or "Yellow Pages". The third configuration is where a single. UPSes. In this case, there are several. UPS. One instance of apcupsd will run in standalone mode, and. This type of configuration may be appropriate for large server. Here is a diagram that summarizes the possibilities: If you decide to set up one of these more complex configurations. Apcupsd supports USB connections on all major operating systems. Linux, Free. BSD, Open. BSD, Net. BSD, Windows, Solaris, and Mac OS X. Darwin. If you plan to use a USB connection, please read the. You can skip this section. UPS has a serial (RS2. C) or Ethernet interface or if you. Problem. Linux 2. RH 9, RHEL 3). do not bind the USB device to the proper driver. This is evidenced. UPS correctly but it will have. This affects RHEL3. Workaround. Upgrade linux kernel to 2. Alternately. you apply the linux- 2. USB- reject. patch patches to your kernel and rebuild. These patches can be found in the examples/ directory in the. Problem. Mandrake 1. USB minor numbers dynamically. This is evidenced by. USB HID v. 1. 1. 0 Device [..] instead of hiddev. Workaround. Boot standard kernel instead of kernel- secure or. CONFIG_USB_DYNAMIC_MINORS and rebuild kernel- secure. Problem. USB driver linux- usb. HID_MAX_USAGES undefined. This is due to a defect in the. Workaround. Upgrade to apcupsd- 3. These versions. contain a workaround for the defect. Problem. On some systems such as Slackware 1. USB devices. will show up (see the next section). Workaround. Add the following to rc. Problem. 2. 6 kernels use udev and some distributions to not. UPS. Workaround. Edit the file /etc/udev/rules. KERNEL="hiddev*", NAME="usb/hiddev%n". More details are provided in the following section .. To make sure that your USB subsystem can see the UPS, just do this. This information is updated by the kernel whenever a device is. It contains details on all the USB devices in your system. UPSes. You should get some output back that includes something like this. Back. UPS RS 1. 00. Windows 8. 1 Product Key With Crack ISO Full Version Faree Download. 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The Bluetooth SIG oversees development of the specification, manages the qualification program, and protects the trademarks.[7] A manufacturer must meet Bluetooth SIG standards to market it as a Bluetooth device.[8] A network of patents apply to the technology, which are licensed to individual qualifying devices. The development of the "short- link" radio technology, later named Bluetooth, was initiated in 1. Nils Rydbeck, CTO at Ericsson Mobile in Lund, Sweden, and by Johan Ullman. The purpose was to develop wireless headsets, according to two inventions by Johan Ullman, SE 8. SE 9. 20. 22. 39, issued 1. Nils Rydbeck tasked Tord Wingren with specifying and Jaap Haartsen and Sven Mattisson with developing. Both were working for Ericsson in Lund.[9] The specification is based on frequency- hopping spread spectrum technology. Name and logo[edit]Etymology of the name[edit]The name "Bluetooth" is an Anglicised version of the Scandinavian Blåtand/Blåtann (Old Norseblátǫnn), the epithet of the tenth- century king Harald Bluetooth who united dissonant Danish tribes into a single kingdom and, according to legend, introduced Christianity as well. The idea of this name was proposed in 1. Jim Kardach of Intel who developed a system that would allow mobile phones to communicate with computers.[1. At the time of this proposal he was reading Frans G. Bengtsson's historical novel The Long Ships about Vikings and King Harald Bluetooth.[1. The implication is that Bluetooth does the same with communications protocols, uniting them into one universal standard.[1. The Bluetooth logo is a bind rune merging the Younger Futharkrunes (Hagall) (ᚼ) and (Bjarkan) (ᛒ), Harald's initials.[1. Implementation[edit]Bluetooth operates at frequencies between 2. MHz, or 2. 40. 0 and 2. MHz including guard bands 2 MHz wide at the bottom end and 3. MHz wide at the top.[1. This is in the globally unlicensed (but not unregulated) industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) 2. GHz short- range radio frequency band. Bluetooth uses a radio technology called frequency- hopping spread spectrum. Bluetooth divides transmitted data into packets, and transmits each packet on one of 7. Bluetooth channels. Each channel has a bandwidth of 1 MHz. It usually performs 8.
![]() Adaptive Frequency- Hopping (AFH) enabled.[1. Bluetooth low energy uses 2 MHz spacing, which accommodates 4. ![]() Originally, Gaussian frequency- shift keying (GFSK) modulation was the only modulation scheme available. Since the introduction of Bluetooth 2. EDR, π/4- DQPSK (differential quadrature phase shift keying) and 8. DPSK modulation may also be used between compatible devices. Devices functioning with GFSK are said to be operating in basic rate (BR) mode where an instantaneous bit rate of 1 Mbit/s is possible. The term Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) is used to describe π/4- DPSK and 8. DPSK schemes, each giving 2 and 3 Mbit/s respectively. The combination of these (BR and EDR) modes in Bluetooth radio technology is classified as a "BR/EDR radio". Bluetooth is a packet- based protocol with a master/slave architecture. One master may communicate with up to seven slaves in a piconet. All devices share the master's clock. Packet exchange is based on the basic clock, defined by the master, which ticks at 3. Two clock ticks make up a slot of 6. In the simple case of single- slot packets the master transmits in even slots and receives in odd slots. The slave, conversely, receives in even slots and transmits in odd slots. Packets may be 1, 3 or 5 slots long, but in all cases the master's transmission begins in even slots and the slave's in odd slots. The above is valid for "classic" BT. Bluetooth Low Energy, introduced in the 4. Bluetooth low energy#Radio interface. Communication and connection[edit]A master BR/EDR Bluetooth device can communicate with a maximum of seven devices in a piconet (an ad- hoc computer network using Bluetooth technology), though not all devices reach this maximum. The devices can switch roles, by agreement, and the slave can become the master (for example, a headset initiating a connection to a phone necessarily begins as master—as initiator of the connection—but may subsequently operate as slave). The Bluetooth Core Specification provides for the connection of two or more piconets to form a scatternet, in which certain devices simultaneously play the master role in one piconet and the slave role in another. At any given time, data can be transferred between the master and one other device (except for the little- used broadcast mode). The master chooses which slave device to address; typically, it switches rapidly from one device to another in a round- robin fashion. Since it is the master that chooses which slave to address, whereas a slave is (in theory) supposed to listen in each receive slot, being a master is a lighter burden than being a slave. Being a master of seven slaves is possible; being a slave of more than one master is possible. The specification is vague as to required behavior in scatternets.[citation needed]Class. Max. permitted power. Typ. range[3](m)(m. W)(d. Bm)1. 10. 02. Bluetooth is a standard wire- replacement communications protocol primarily designed for low- power consumption, with a short range based on low- cost transceivermicrochips in each device.[1. Because the devices use a radio (broadcast) communications system, they do not have to be in visual line of sight of each other; however, a quasi optical wireless path must be viable.[6] Range is power- class- dependent, but effective ranges vary in practice. See the table on the right. Officially Class 3 radios have a range of up to 1 metre (3 ft), Class 2, most commonly found in mobile devices, 1. Class 1, primarily for industrial use cases,1. Bluetooth Marketing qualifies that Class 1 range is in most cases 2. Class 2 range 5–1. The effective range varies due to propagation conditions, material coverage, production sample variations, antenna configurations and battery conditions. Most Bluetooth applications are for indoor conditions, where attenuation of walls and signal fading due to signal reflections make the range far lower than specified line- of- sight ranges of the Bluetooth products. Most Bluetooth applications are battery- powered Class 2 devices, with little difference in range whether the other end of the link is a Class 1 or Class 2 device as the lower- powered device tends to set the range limit. In some cases the effective range of the data link can be extended when a Class 2 device is connecting to a Class 1 transceiver with both higher sensitivity and transmission power than a typical Class 2 device.[2. Mostly, however, the Class 1 devices have a similar sensitivity to Class 2 devices. Connecting two Class 1 devices with both high sensitivity and high power can allow ranges far in excess of the typical 1. Some such devices allow open field ranges of up to 1 km and beyond between two similar devices without exceeding legal emission limits.[2. The Bluetooth Core Specification mandates a range of not less than 1. Manufacturers' implementations can be tuned to provide the range needed for each case.[3]Bluetooth profiles[edit]To use Bluetooth wireless technology, a device must be able to interpret certain Bluetooth profiles, which are definitions of possible applications and specify general behaviors that Bluetooth- enabled devices use to communicate with other Bluetooth devices. These profiles include settings to parameterize and to control the communication from the start. Adherence to profiles saves the time for transmitting the parameters anew before the bi- directional link becomes effective. 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